Background: Electrolytes play a significant role in the regulation of various vital functions in the human body. Changes in electrolyte composition can be pre-operative, intra-operative, and post-operative. The aim of this study was to analyze the incidence of electrolyte imbalances after a maxillofacial surgery and find possible relationship between imbalances and kind of surgery. Methods: In this descriptive cross-sectional study, 101 maxillofacial surgery patients admitted to Besat educational hospital were selected by convenience sampling method. Serum electrolytes (sodium, potassium, calcium, and magnesium) of each patient were measured a day before the operation and on the first and the third post-operative days. The demographic and medical information and also details of the surgery of each patient were documented in checklists, which were used when all the needed data were collected. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 23. 0. Results: Our results showed that, among electrolyte imbalances, hypocalcemia was the most frequent with 26. 3%, followed by hyponatremia with 18. 7%, and hypermagnesemia with 16. 6%, while potassium demonstrated the least changes (6. 3%) after a maxillofacial surgery. There was a significant correlation between the body mass index (BMI) and magnesium (P = 0. 032) and calcium (P = 0. 021) imbalances (hypo or hyper). Statistical analyses showed that magnesium abnormalities are more common in patients with jaw trauma on the third post-operative day in comparison with first post-operative day (P = 0. 037). Conclusions: Hypocalcemia, hyponatremia, and hypermagnesemia are relatively common after maxillofacial surgeries. The findings showed that some factors such as the BMI and etiology of maxillofacial surgeries could cause electrolyte abnormalities after maxillofacial surgery. Identifying these factors could be useful in planning strategies for prevention, diagnosis, and early treatment of possible complications, which, in turn, may result in an improvement in the quality of care.

Background: The present study aimed to investigate the prevalence of electrolyte imbalance in hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE). Moreover, the correlation of this condition with Apgar score is evaluated. Methods: This prospective observational hospital-based study was conducted on 75 neonates affected by asphyxiation. Immediately (within ≤ 30 min of stabilization) after resuscitation, basic routine tests along with sodium (Na+), potassium (K+), and calcium (Ca++) were requested from laboratory to be quantitatively estimated. These neonates were clinically examined and classified into various stages of HIE according to recommended staging classification. The values of electrolytes were calculated and compared between various stages of HIE. Furthermore, the correlation between these electrolytes and Apgar score was assessed. Results: It was observed in our study that HIE is associated with low levels of sodium and calcium. On the other hand, it is correlated with high levels of potassium. As severity of HIE increases, sodium and calcium levels decrease, while potassium level augments. Apgar score was significantly correlated with sodium and potassium. However, the correlation of potassium and sodium with Apgar score was shown to be negative and positive, respectively. Calcium levels did not have a significant correlation with Apgar score. Conclusion: Electrolyte imbalances, such as hyponatremia, hyperkalemia, and hypocalcemia are common in HIE. Hyponatremia and hyperkalaemia are significantly correlated with Apgar score. Therefore, Apgar score can be used as a determinant to start electrolyte therapy in HIE.

Introduction. As a multisystem illness, Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) can damage different organs. This study investigated the effect of electrolyte imbalance (EI), with or without concomitant renal dysfunction, on the prognosis of COVID-19 in hospitalized patients. Methods. We evaluated 499 hospitalized patients with confirmed COVID-19, without a history of chronic kidney disease. The patients’,demographic data, laboratory values, and outcomes were retrospectively collected from the hospital information system. Serumelectrolytes including sodium, potassium, magnesium, calcium, and phosphorus abnormalities were analyzed on admission and during the hospitalization period. The outcomes of this study were the occurrence of acute kidney injury (AKI) after the first week of hospitalization and in-hospital mortality rate. Multivariate analyses were carried out to obtain the independent risk of each EI on mortality, by adjusting for age, gender, and AKI occurrence. Results. Among the 499 COVID-19 patients (60. 9% male), AKI occurred in 168 (33. 7%) and mortality in 92 (18. 4%) cases. Hypocalcemia (38%) and hyponatremia (22. 6%) were the most prevalent EIs, and all EIs were more common in the AKI group than in the non-AKI group. Hyponatremia (Adjusted Odds ratio [AOR] = 2. 34, 95% CI: 1. 30 to 4. 18), hypernatremia (AOR = 8. 52, 95% CI: 1. 95 to 37. 32), and hyperkalemia (AOR = 4. 63, 95% CI: 1. 65 to 13) on admission were associated with poor prognosis. Moreover, hyponatremia (AOR = 3. 02, 95% CI: 1. 28 to 7. 15) and hyperphosphatemia (AOR = 5. 12, 95% CI: 1. 24 to 21. 09) on admission were associated with late AKI occurrence. Conclusion. This study highlights the role of hyponatremia, hypernatremia, hyperkalemia, and hyperphosphatemia in poor prognosis of COVID-19. According to the independent effect of EI on late AKI and mortality, we recommend physicians to raise awareness to closely monitor and correct EI during hospitalization.

Introduction: Colonoscopy and bowel preparation caused a number of serum electrolytes changes that may be dangerous in heart and kidney diseases and elderly patients.Objective: To determine the effect of serum electrolytes in patients who underwent colonoscopy and bowel preparation with PEG (Polyethylene Glycol) in Tehran Imam Khomeini hospital in 2008.Materials and Methods: Fifty nine patients who had been selected for elective colonoscopy after the detection of exclusion criteria were assessed prospectively. Serum level of sodium and potassium were analysed before bowel preparation with PEG (To), before colonoscopy (T1) and immediately after it (T2). Serum calcium and phosphorus levels were measured just before and after PEG.Results: Four patients (6.8%) did not follow the research protocol and were excluded. Four patients (6.8%) developed hyponatremia in T1 that continued in T2. There were no significant differences in prevalence of Hyponatremia and means of sodium serum levels in To, T1 and T2. Although there was a significant trend to decreased means of potassium levels of T2 versus T1 (P<0.01), but the maximum prevalence of Hypakalemia was in T1 (10.9%) with only 3.8% new Hypokaliemia in T2 and there was no significant difference. The prevalence of Hypocalcemia after PEG was 24% but there was no significant decrease.36% of patients developed Hypophosphatemia after PEG preparation with a significant decrease in mean of serum Phosphorus level (P<0.05). There was no significant relationship between electrolytes changes with age and sex.Conclusion: The serum electrolyte changes showed that preparation with PEG is a risk factor for development of Hypophosphatemia Colonoscopy and preparation with PEG may cause a significant decrease in potassium serum level.

Introduction: Many of those who survive following an earthquake die in the next phase due to preventable and treatable medical conditions such as hyperkalemia. The present study aimed to evaluate the trend of potassium changes in crush syndrome patients of Bam earthquake. Methods: In this retrospective cross-sectional study, using the database of Bam earthquake victims, which were developed by Iranian Society of Nephrology following Bam earthquake, Iran, 2003, the 20-day trend of potassium changes in > 15 years old crush syndrome patients was evaluated. Results:135 crush syndrome patients with the mean age of 29.9 § 9.91 years were evaluated (56.3% male). Mean potassium concentration during the first 3 days of admission was 5.6 § 1.3 mEq/L. On the day of admission, 43.1% (95% CI: 34.0 - 52.2) had normal potassium concentration, 3.4% (95% CI: 0.1 - 6.8) had hypokalemia, and 53.4% (44.3 - 62.6) had hyperkalemia. During 20-day follow-up, 62.3% (95% CI: 66.7-71.9) of the patients had normal potassium. While, 11.5% (95% CI: 9.7-13.3) had hypokalemia and 19.2% (95% CI: 17.0-21.5) had hyperkalemia. As the days of hospitalization increased, prevalence of hyperkalemia decreased while hypokalemia increased. On the 17th day 21.2% (95% CI: 2.2-39.9) had hypokalemia and 10.5% (95% CI: 0.1 -24.7) had hyperkalemia. Conclusion: Findings of the present study showed that following urine alkalinization and fluid resuscitation, the prevalence of hyperkalemia reduced, but hypokalemia developed. It seems that the correction of serum potassium level should be accompanied by precise monitoring of intake and output of the patient and prescription of reasonable amount of intravenous fluid.